Beck Depression Inventory

What is a Beck Depression Inventory?

While transient sadness is a normal part of life, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) can be a valuable aid in identifying potential cases of clinical depression. For patients presenting with prolonged feelings of sadness, the BDI offers a method to assess symptom severity.

The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used psychological tests for measuring depression levels. Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in 1961, it’s a self-report survey that assesses how a person feels and thinks about their overall level of depression (The Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HaPI), 1996).

The manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II, developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is available through the Psychological Corporation, which guides the administration and interpretation of the inventory. It consists of 21 questions that measure the severity and frequency of symptoms experienced by an individual. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. The overall score is calculated by adding the individual scores for each item.

The BDI shows strong psychometric properties with internal consistency ranging from .73 to .92 and a mean of .86. It is consistent across its 13-item short form, with alpha coefficients of .86 and .81 for psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations (American Psychological Association, 2011).

What is the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)?

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a revised version of the original BDI, published in 1996. It consists of 21 items that assess the intensity of depression in adults and adolescents over the past two weeks. Each item is scored on a scale from 0 to 3, and the total score ranges from 0 to 63 (Beck et al., 1996).

The BDI-II is commonly used to assess the severity of major depressive disorder (MDD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, including sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment feelings, and suicidal ideation.

In addition to depressive symptomatology, the BDI-II includes items that assess physical symptoms, somatic symptoms, and behavioral symptoms associated with depression, such as changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and energy levels (Beck et al., 1996).

In addition to the BDI-II, Dr. Beck also developed the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), which measures three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations (Beck et al., 1974). These additional tools, along with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) or the Children's' Depression Inventory for children, can provide additional information on a client's depressive symptoms.

How to use this Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Assessing depressive disorders can be complex. However, with the Beck Depression Inventory, health care professionals can quickly obtain a picture of the symptoms experienced by psychiatric patients and clients. Here's how to get started:

Step 1: Download our free assessment

Access the free Beck Depression Inventory assessment using the link on this page.

Step 2: Provide your patient with a copy

Give your patient a copy of the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire and explain how it works. They should carefully read each item and rate the severity of the symptoms they experience from 0-3.

Step 3: Allow the patient to complete the inventory

Let your patient complete the inventory in their own time, either within your office or at home. They need to identify which of these statements best describes how they have felt in the past week, including today.

Step 4: Compile and analyze the results

Once your patient has completed the assessment, it's time to compile and analyze the results. Calculate the total score by adding the individual scores for each item.

Step 5: Secure the assessment sheet

Since this form contains confidential information about your patient, you should file it in your patient's records or securely store it in an electronic system.

Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)

The Beck Depression Inventory and its revised version, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, are widely used self-report instruments for assessing the severity of depressive symptoms. Understanding the scoring process is crucial for accurately interpreting and applying these instruments.

The BDI consists of 21 items, each presenting a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a particular symptom of depression (Beck et al., 1961). Respondents are instructed to select the statement that best describes their feelings over the past week, including the day of administration.

Similarly, the BDI-II comprises 21 items, but the time frame for symptom evaluation is over the past two weeks, including the day of administration. Each item is rated on a 4-point rating scale ranging from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms.

To score the BDI or BDI-II, the ratings for each item are summed to yield a total score. The total score can range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms (Beck et al., 1996; Beck et al., 1961).

Interpretation of the total BDI or BDI-II scores is based on the following guidelines:

• 0-13 (Minimal depression): This range suggests minor depressive symptoms, which might be a part of normal mood variations or transient reactions to life events.
• 14-19 (Mild depression): Scores in this range may indicate the onset of a depressive episode or persistent subthreshold depressive symptoms. While not severe, these symptoms can still impact daily functioning and quality of life.
• 20-28 (Moderate depression): This score range indicates the presence of several symptoms of depression, which are likely affecting the individual's daily activities substantially.
• 29- 63 (Severe depression): A score within this range signifies a high level of depressive symptoms, suggesting a severe depressive disorder. Individuals in this range may experience significant distress and functional impairment.

It's important to note that these cut-off scores are not absolute diagnostic criteria but rather serve as guidelines for interpreting the severity of depressive symptoms (Beck et al., 1996; Beck et al., 1961). The BDI and BDI-II should be used in conjunction with other clinical information and diagnostic procedures.

References

American Psychological Association. (2011). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice-settings/assessment/tools/beck-depression

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004

Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000

The Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HaPI). (1996, March 14). Beck Depression Inventory 2 | BDI-II | BDI 2 Manual Scoring. Bmdshapi.com. https://www.bmdshapi.com/beck-depression-inventory-ii/

Wu, J. (2018, March 30). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. https://www.nctsn.org/measures/beck-depression-inventory-second-edition