Cognitive Dissonance in Relationships

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that arises when a person holds contradictory beliefs or engages in behaviors that conflict with their attitudes simultaneously. This internal tension creates cognitive inconsistency, which the mind naturally seeks to resolve.

The cognitive dissonance Theory, introduced by psychologist Leon Festinger (1957), explains how individuals strive for harmony in their thoughts and behaviors. When faced with contradictions, they feel compelled to recognize cognitive dissonance and take action to restore balance. To reduce cognitive dissonance, people may adjust their beliefs, seek compromise, or justify their actions in a way that aligns with their self-image. Addressing dissonance effectively is essential for maintaining mental health and emotional well-being.

Examples of cognitive dissonance in romantic relationships

Cognitive dissonance often arises in relationships when human beings differ in beliefs, values, or expectations. Addressing it in healthful ways can reduce dissonance and strengthen cognitive consistency:

1. Conflicting religious or cultural beliefs

Partners who differ in religious or cultural backgrounds may experience cognitive dissonance due to differing beliefs and values (Umar & Saryanto, 2005). For instance, one partner may believe in traditional gender roles, while the other values egalitarian relationships. These differences may impact couples more when they ignore potential conflicts rather than working to reduce dissonance.

2. Differing life goals or priorities

Couples may experience dissonance when they have different life goals or priorities. One partner may prioritize their career, while the other values starting a family or pursuing personal interests. This can lead to a tough choice between individual aspirations and shared relationship goals, requiring partners to provide tools for compromise.

3. Unrealistic expectations

Individuals may enter relationships with unrealistic expectations of their partner or the relationship itself. Cognitive dissonance can arise when these expectations are unmet, leading to disappointment or resentment. Some partners go to great lengths to justify or ignore these gaps rather than adjusting their perspectives to make informed decisions about their relationship.

4. Personality differences

Personality traits and personal values can also create cognitive dissonance in relationships. For example, if one partner values spontaneity and adventure while the other prefers routine and stability, this can lead to conflicting desires and behaviors. When partners struggle to seek compromise, dissonance may intensify, making it harder to find common ground.

5. Past experiences and baggage

Individuals may carry baggage from past relationships or experiences, which can influence their beliefs and expectations in their current relationships; when a person's past behavior or attitudes do not align with what their partner values in the present, this can create cognitive dissonance. Engaging in self-care and seeking online therapy can help individuals process unresolved emotions and navigate relationship challenges more effectively.

Ways cognitive dissonance affects beliefs

Cognitive dissonance, that mental discomfort caused by holding two conflicting beliefs, can significantly impact our views and behaviors within relationships. Here's a closer look at how dissonance plays out:

Rationalization and justification

Uncomfortable dissonance often makes people rationalize and justify reducing the discomfort caused by the inconsistency (Elliot & Devine, 1994). People who have experienced cognitive dissonance may selectively focus on information that supports their existing beliefs or downplay the importance of conflicting information, a phenomenon known as confirmation bias.

Attitude change

In some cases, cognitive dissonance can lead to a change in attitudes or beliefs. Suppose the dissonance is significant, and the individual cannot rationalize or justify their conflicting beliefs. In that case, they may adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior or the new information they have encountered.

Behavior change

Alternatively, individuals may change their behavior to reduce the cognitive dissonance they are experiencing. For example, if someone's behavior contradicts their beliefs or values, they may modify their actions to align with their beliefs, reducing the internal conflict.

Selective exposure and avoidance

People experiencing cognitive dissonance may selectively expose themselves to information supporting their beliefs and avoid information that challenges or contradicts them. This selective exposure can reinforce their attitudes and beliefs, further entrenching the dissonance.

Emotional reactions

Cognitive dissonance can elicit various emotional reactions, such as feeling uncomfortable, anxious, or defensive. These emotional responses can further influence an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and behavior as they attempt to reduce the psychological discomfort caused by the dissonance.

Does cognitive dissonance indicate abusive relationships?

Cognitive dissonance can be a potential indicator of an abusive relationship, but it is not always the case. However, it is essential to recognize the role cognitive dissonance plays in abusive dynamics and how it can enable and perpetuate abuse.

Abuser's behavior and cognitive dissonance

In abusive relationships, cognitive dissonance often occurs when the abused partner's experiences and the abuser's behavior contradict their belief that their partner loves them or that the relationship is healthy. This internal conflict can create cognitive dissonance, leading to psychological stress and mental discomfort.

The abuser's behavior may be considered intimate partner violence. This may then involve physical, emotional, or psychological abuse, directly conflicts with the abused partner's desire for a loving and respectful relationship. This dissonance can be challenging to reconcile, as the abused partner may try to let their partner's behavior slide or justify the abuser's behavior to reduce the internal conflict.

Unrealistic expectations and dissonance

Unrealistic expectations about the relationship or the partner can also contribute to cognitive dissonance in abusive situations. The abused person involved may hold onto the belief that their partner will change or that the relationship will improve despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. This dissonance can make it difficult for the abused partner to recognize the need to leave the relationship or seek help. This pattern can then further contribute to enabling abuse in the relationship.

Dissonance in healthy relationships

Dissonance in relationships isn’t always negative—it can encourage growth and awareness. Healthy couples navigate opposing beliefs and adjust expectations, keeping their bond strong. Recognizing dissonance helps address relationship issues before they escalate.

Signs of cognitive dissonance include constant justifications for a partner’s behavior, ignoring red flags, emotional distress, open communication struggles, and difficulty making decisions. These conflicts create internal tension, leading some to stay in unhealthy relationships to avoid discomfort. Acknowledging dissonance allows individuals to reevaluate their relationships, communicate openly, and make informed choices for their well-being.

What to do when cognitive dissonance occurs

Cognitive dissonance in romantic relationships can feel unsettling, but it’s an opportunity for growth. The first step is recognizing the discomfort and identifying the beliefs or expectations causing conflict. Re-evaluating these expectations helps determine whether they are realistic or shaped by external pressures. Open and honest communication is crucial—discussing concerns without blame fosters understanding.

Sometimes, professional support can offer guidance when cognitive dissonance feels overwhelming. Personal growth and self-awareness also play a role in overcoming internal conflicts, allowing individuals to challenge assumptions and embrace change. Couples can create a healthier, more balanced relationship by addressing dissonance thoughtfully.

References

Elliot, A. J., & Devine, P. G. (1994). On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.382

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.

Umar, M. F. R., & Suryanto. (2018). Our different differences: Qualitative study of cognitive dissonance on different religion spouses. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008584800260033