Secondary Trauma vs Vicarious Trauma

What is secondary trauma?

Secondary trauma, which is often referred to as vicarious or indirect trauma, occurs when an individual experiences trauma through exposure to the traumatic experiences of others. Unlike direct trauma, which is experienced firsthand, secondary trauma affects individuals who are exposed to others’ traumatic events, often through their work or relationships.

This can occur even without direct exposure to the traumatic event. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among professionals in high-stress environments who frequently encounter distressing stories related to their client’s or patient’s traumatic experiences, such as healthcare workers, first responders, social workers, and therapists.

Manifestation and symptoms of secondary trauma can manifest in various ways. It can be emotional, such as feelings of helplessness or emotional exhaustion, or physical, like chronic fatigue or headaches. The impact of secondary trauma can be profound, affecting an individual’s personal life, professional performance, and overall well-being.

What is vicarious trauma?

Vicarious trauma, which is interchangeably referred to as secondary trauma or secondhand trauma, is a psychological condition that arises when an individual is indirectly exposed to the traumatic experiences of others, like the process of hearing detailed accounts of distressing events or witnessing the emotional suffering of those affected.

Much like secondary trauma, vicarious trauma is also prevalent among professionals who routinely interact with trauma survivors and have experienced trauma through their work, like therapists, social workers, police officers, and healthcare workers.

The impact of vicarious trauma can be significant and multifaceted. They may have responses ranging from negative to neutral and even positive. Some examples of symptoms or impacts are intrusive thoughts, emotional exhaustion, social withdrawal, physical symptoms, and changes in worldview.

Secondary Trauma vs Vicarious Trauma

Although the terms vicarious trauma and secondary trauma are often used interchangeably, they represent distinct phenomena with subtle but significant differences in response to a traumatic event. Here’s an overview of what is the difference between vicarious trauma and secondary trauma.

Secondary trauma

Secondary trauma refers to the emotional distress resulting from indirect trauma exposure to the traumatic experiences of others, often through hearing about or witnessing these events. It tends to present as immediate stress reactions, similar to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Acute stress responses, including anxiety, hypervigilance, and emotional exhaustion, and symptoms like headaches, irritability, and nightmares often mark its effects.

Vicarious trauma

Vicarious trauma differs from secondary trauma because vicarious trauma refers to the profound and enduring shifts in a caregiver’s worldview and sense of self. It develops gradually over time with prolonged exposure to traumatic material.

It’s characterized by its profound and lasting impact on an individual’s perception of themselves, others, and the world at large, causing alternations in their fundamental beliefs about safety, trust, and control. As a result, substantial changes in personal and professional relationships can be seen, and symptoms like intrusive thoughts, emotional numbing, and a sense of altered identity can manifest.

In summary, while both vicarious trauma and secondary trauma involve indirect exposure to trauma, vicarious trauma is distinguished by its deep and lasting impact on an individual’s worldview and identity. In contrast, secondary trauma is characterized by more immediate stress responses that resemble PTSD symptoms. Determining whether one is secondary or vicarious trauma is crucial for providing appropriate support and interventions for affected individuals.

How mental health professionals differentiate the two

Mental health professionals distinguish second-hand trauma from vicarious trauma by examining the nature and depth of their impact on the individual and the potential development of a trauma-related disorder, employing various diagnostic tools and approaches to guide their assessments and interventions. More specifically, healthcare professionals can employ the following:

• Interviews and questionnaires: Structured tools such as the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) and the Vicarious Trauma Scale (VTS) help identify specific symptoms and assess their severity.
• Clinical observations: Professionals monitor symptoms and other changes in behavior, emotional responses, and interpersonal interactions over time to gauge the impact of trauma.
• Self-reports: An individual’s reflection on their experiences through journaling or therapy sessions provides valuable insights into the emotional and psychological states.

How professionals help people with these trauma types

Professionals employ a range of strategies to assist individuals experiencing vicarious trauma and secondary trauma. Below are some common methods used to provide effective support:

Therapeutic intervention

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), trauma-focused therapy like eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) are a few examples of therapeutic interventions that are specifically designed to alleviate symptoms for those who have experienced vicarious trauma or secondhand trauma, address symptoms, or enhance coping skills.

Supportive counseling

Individual counseling provides a confidential and supportive environment that helps process feelings and develop coping strategies for those affected by secondary trauma, vicarious trauma, and other traumatic events. Meanwhile, group therapy offers a communal setting where they can share their experiences with peers who have faced similar challenges, which can help foster a sense of community and validation, reducing feelings of isolation.

Organizational and peer support

Aside from conducting regular supervision and debriefing sessions, implementing workplace policies can help promote work-life balance and reduce the risk of burnout. In addition, facilitating connections among colleagues and pairing less experienced professionals with seasoned mentors for guidance and support provide practical advice, emotional encouragement, and strategies for managing the challenges of the profession also aids in helping patients better handle the symptoms.

Psychoeducation and self-care practices

In addition to information on the nature and effects of trauma, self-care strategies, and practices are essential for mitigating its effects and promoting overall well-being. Some examples are regular physical activity, maintaining a balanced diet, getting adequate rest, and engaging in activities that foster relaxation and joy.

Main takeaways

To conclude, knowing about vicarious trauma vs. secondary trauma is essential to not only properly identify but also diagnose patients with the appropriate type of trauma, especially when they are exposed to difficult or disturbing images. And while they are interchangeable because of the cause, they have stark differences. The symptoms of secondary trauma are akin to PTSD, while the symptoms of vicarious trauma involve a more long-term change that can alter beliefs and worldviews. By being aware of this and its corresponding symptoms and manifestations, one can better treat their patients through multiple strategies, including therapy, counseling, psychoeducation, and support from the individual’s organization and peers.